- Industry: Library & information science
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Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks. It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library. Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The ...
The name given to a series of wars arising out of one another in Germany during 1618-48; was first a war of Catholics against Protestants, but in its later stages developed into a struggle for supremacy in Europe. On the Catholic side were Austria, various German Catholic princes, and Spain, to whom were opposed successively Bohemia, Hungary, Denmark, Sweden, and France; originated in Bohemia, where the Protestants were goaded to revolt against the intolerance of the empire, Moravians and Hungarians came to their assistance, but the imperial forces were too powerful and the rising was suppressed, only to be renewed in 1624, when Denmark espoused the Protestant cause, but struggled vainly against Catholic armies under Wallenstein and Tilly. The tactless oppression of the Emperor Ferdinand again fanned into flame the fires of rebellion; Swedish armies now came to the assistance of the Protestants, and under Gustavus Adolphus waged successful war against the emperor, but the death of Gustavus at Lutzen (1632) turned the tide in favour of the imperial forces; the German Protestant prince made a disadvantageous peace in 1635, but Sweden, now joined by France, continued the struggle against the Austrian empire. Turenne and Condé became the heroes of the war, and a series of decisive victories rolled back the imperial armies, and by 1848 were converging upon Austria, when diplomacy brought the war to an end by the Peace of Westphalia, the chief gains of which were the securing of religious tolerance and the recognition of the independence of Switzerland and the United Provinces.
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The assumed name of Tirso de Molina, Spanish dramatist, born in Madrid; became a monk; wrote 58 comedies, some of which keep their place on the Spanish stage; as a dramatist ranks next to Lope de Vega, whose pupil he was (1583-1648).
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Sammlungen königlicher Erlasse, ausgestellt von den fränkischen Königen der Dynastie der Karolinger, mit Sanktion der Adligen, für das gesamte Frankenreich, im Unterschied zu den Gesetzen für bestimmte Völker aus denen es besteht, am bekanntesten sind diejenigen die von Karl dem großen und St. Louis begonnen oder ausgestellt wurden.
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Tapferer Seemann zu Zeiten Queen Elizabeths; bereits ein Ritter, als er die erste Expedition von Raleigh kommandierte Virginia zu kolonisieren; beteiligte sich an der Niederlage der Armada, und 1591, als er die Revenge in Lord Howard Geschwaders kommandierte , griff er auf sich allein gestellt die gesamte spanische Flotte der Azoren an; nach einem verzweifelten 18-stuendigen Kampf , während dessen, vier spanische Schiffe versenkt wurden, und mehr als 2000 ihrer Männer getötet wurden oder ertranken, kapitulierte er, wurde verwundet auf ein spanisches Schiff gebracht, auf dem er starb; diese Auseinandersetzung wird gefeiert in Tennysons nobler Ballade "Die Rache".
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The nom de plume of Sarah Smith, daughter of a Shropshire bookseller, whose semi-religious stories, chiefly for the young, have won wide acceptance in English homes since the publication of "Jessica's First Prayer" in 1867; was a regular contributor to Household Words and All the Year Round during Dickens's editorship; has written upwards of 40 volumes.
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The name given to a council at Jerusalem, consisting of 120 members, there assembled about the year 410 B.C. to give final form to the service and worship of the Jewish Church. A Jewish tradition says Moses received the law from Sinai; he transmitted it to Joshua, Joshua to the elders, the elders to the prophets, to the men of the Great Assembly, who added thereto these words: "Be circumspect in judgment, make many disciples, and set a hedge about the law." To them belong the final settlement and arrangement of the Jewish Scriptures, the introduction of a new alphabet, the regulation of the synagogue worship, and the adoption of sundry liturgical forms, as well as the establishment of the Feast of Purim, and probably the "schools" of the Scribes.
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The patron saint and guardian of innocence and saviour from infamy and reproach. See Susanna.
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The chief naval station, "the Portsmouth," of Italy; occupies a strongly fortified site at the head of a bay on the W. side of Italy, 56 m. SE. of Genoa; here are the naval shipbuilding yards, national arsenal, navy store-houses, besides schools of navigation, manufactures of cables, sail-cloth, etc.
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The second largest of the Azores; rears cattle, and yields grain, oranges, etc.; chief town Angra, capital of the group.
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